Khajeh Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi (d. 835AH), is one of the poets and gnostics of the second half of the eighth century and the first half of the ninth century. The purpose of this study is to review quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi edited by Beheshti Shirazi, their quality of correction and authentication attributed to him. The research method in this study is fundamental-theoretical and comparative citation to valid gnostic, literary, and historical sources. The accuracy of the quatrains and their authenticity have been examined by referring to authentic literary and historical texts, memoirs, anthologies, selected poems, divans of contemporary poets of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi before and sometimes after him, and another manuscript of the poet's quatrains recording. Also, the inaccuracies of quatrains in misdiagnosis of the format of poems in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi are shown. Lack of accurate tracing and search of quatrains in other authoritative literary and historical texts, as well as definitive attribution of some wandering quatrains (attributed to several poets) to Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi by the editor, are among the causes of these mistakes. In this study, an attempt has been made to help the esteemed editor by carefully recording the quatrains and identifying that of other poets in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi. In the following editions, he tried to refine the quatrains more precisely to provide a more complete and trim text than the quatrains of this poet to its corrected text to be considered in the historical course of Persian quatrain study. Other important factors in the occurrence of these errors and confusions are the inaccuracy and little knowledge of the scribers, and the editor misconception. Several quatrains from the poems of twenty poets of the second to ninth centuries have been mistakenly mixed in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi by mistakes of scribers and editors. Because scientific research requires accurate texts, it is necessary to carefully review the poet's quatrains in terms of the quality of correction and authenticity of the poems.
Introduction
Khajeh Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi (b. 757, d. 835 AH) known as Pir-e- Fereshteh, is one of the hierarchs of the Kobraviyye dynasty, one of the poets, gnostics, and artists of the time of Amir Teymour Gurkani (r. 771-807 AH) and his son Shahrukh ibn Teymur (r. .807 to 850 AH). Jami has considered him a mate and disciple of Abu al-Fath, the son of Bahal-din Kobra. Navai writes in his memoir about his condition: He was “one of the large saints, he considered the sciences of appearance and truth to be very good and beautiful, and he was unique in the science of periods and music of his time, he wrote poetry and composed quatrains” (Navai, 1984, p. 185). In most of the sources related to him, Abu al-Wafa is considered to be sheikh and the master of Taj al-Din/Kamal al-Din Hussein Kharazmi (d. 840 AH), the commentator of Rumi's couplet, known as Jawaher al-Asrar and Zawaher al-Anwar. This is a matter of the content of Yanbu al-Asrar fi Nasaih al-Abrar, it is quite clear. He is credited with composing several treatises on Sufism, music, and cabala sciences, among these, the treatise of Kanz al-Jawahir, which apparently contained the poet's quatrains, is more famous.
“Abu al-Wafa was also famous for composing quatrains and strophe-poems in poetry” (Nafisi, 1984, p. 321). The author of Majalis al-Oshshaq believes that Abu al-Wafa had relations with Abdul Qadir Maraghei in music (Gazorgahi, 1996, p. 220). Most of the sources related to him are enough to introduce him briefly and mention some of his quatrains. The author of Habib Al-Seyar has recorded his death in the months of the year 835AH and his burial place in Kharazm province (Khandmir, 1983, p. 8-9). Zabihullah Safa in his book the History of Literature in Iran has also mentioned the treatise Lobb al-LOBAB among the works of Abu al-Wafa (Safa, 1989, p. 84). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the poet's quatrains in terms of recording quality and their documentation in attributing to the poet based on valid literary and historical texts. In the introduction, the editor did not provide information about the quality, appearance, and content of the manuscripts he used. The editor has been satisfied without any criticism and critical opinion in introducing the poet and his conditions and poems, quoting only the contents of memoirs and historical and literary books.
Materials and Methods
In this study, the quality, accuracy, and correctness of the recording of poems and their authenticity in attributing to Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi have been studied using a fundamental-theoretical approach by referring to valid literary, gnostic, and historical texts. Based on the memoirs, anthologies, divans, and poetic and written prose treatises of other poets, the poems of other poets are attributed to him and the recording and printing errors of quatrains have been determined.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
Studies and evaluations related to the critique of corrected texts are among common methods in the linguistic and content examination of literary works. Criticism of corrected texts is very important in literary research in terms of the quality of poetry recording, the richness of the introduction, the advantage of the commentaries, having guide indexes, and being the authentic source of the corrected sources. It is very important in literary research and studies since without such evaluations, it would not be possible to present an authentic and revised text of a poet's poems. Due to the inaccuracy and little knowledge of the scribers, as well as the obvious inaccuracies of the esteemed editor in correctly recognizing the format of the poems and also entering the poems of about twenty other poets in it, Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi's quatrains need to be reviewed, edited, and re-corrected to other poets’ quatrains, until the poems of other poets have been removed from the body of quatrains.
The poems that do not have the form of quatrains should be distinguished from the quatrains. The poems of the poets and mystics found in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi are related to the poets and mystics of the second to ninth centuries. Lack of availability of complete manuscripts, date and close time to the poet's life, correct reliance on confusing manuscripts, inaccuracy and low knowledge of the scribers of poet's quatrains, excessive adherence to the manuscripts he uses, failure to trace the wandering quatrains in other authoritative literary and historical texts and their false acceptance, and including them in the collection of the poet's quatrains can be the causes of these confusions. In addition, not searching for quatrains attributed to Abu al-Wafa al-Kharazmi in anthologies, selected poems, and manuscript texts in the form of photographs or type settings characters are not ineffective in causing these errors.
Clumsy extraction of some quatrains from the works of the poet's disciple (Hussein Kharazmi), such as Sharh e-Fusus al-Hekam, Yanbu al-Asrar, and Jawahar al-Asrar and their acceptance as Abul-Wafa's definite quatrains are also important in the occurrence of these errors. Until the discovery of Abu al-Wafa's treatise Kanz-al-Javaher/Nasr-al-Javaher, which, according to most memoirs, contains the poet's quatrains, it can be said that the corrected version of Beheshti Shirazi is not complete. Also, the difference between the editions of Mayel Heravi, Beheshti Shirazi, and the library manuscript of the Islamic Consultative Assembly confirms that there are other manuscripts of the poet's quatrains in other libraries that the editor has not had access to.